Nagarjunakonda: Monasteries and Their School Affiliations

Autor: Monika Zin | AAV 35 (2022) | Strony: 315-344 | https://doi.org/10.60018/AcAsVa.dbhm1216

Streszczenie

Narrative representations have not been found in all Buddhist monasteries. In some areas, for instance in the region of modern Sannati in ancient Āndhradeśa, only one stūpa, known today as Kanaganahalli, was decorated with opulent narrative reliefs, while the others display none at all. It appears that some Buddhist schools were interested in narrative representations while others were not. The area now known as Nagarjunakonda – the historical Vijayapurī of the Ikṣvāku dynasty in the 3rd century ce – offers the best opportunity to investigate which monasteries the narrative reliefs came from. Among the approximately 40 Buddhist complexes that have been excavated, some of which actually name the schools the resident monks belonged to, and which were built following different layouts, all narrative reliefs were discovered in only a few of the complexes. All of these complexes show a very similar layout with a stūpa outside the monks’ cells, which are positioned in a U-shape, and two apsidal temples facing each other. One of these complexes gives the name of the related school as Aparamahāvinaśaila. It seems that this school was one of those interested in narrative representations, while all the others mentioned in inscriptions at Nagarjunakonda (Theravādins, Mahīśāsakas, and Bahuśrutīyas) were not.

Bibliografia

Aramaki, Noritoshi, D. Dayalan and Maiko Nakanishi 2011. A New Approach to the Origin of Mahāyānasūtra Movement on the Basis of Art Historical and Archaeological Evidence. A Preliminary Report on the Research. Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, The Japan Society for Promotion of Science, Project (C) no. 20520050.

Bareau, André 1955. Les sectes bouddhiques du Petit Véhicule. Saigon: Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient.

Falk, Harry 2009. ‘Two Dated Sātavāhana Epigraphs’. Indo-Iranian Journal 52(2–3): 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1163/001972409X445924

Dutt, Nalinaksha 1970. Buddhist Sects in India. Calcutta: Naniswar Library.

Dutt, Sukumar 1962. Buddhist Monks and Monasteries from India. London: George Allen and Unwin.

Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, ed. Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera et al. 1961ff. Government of Ceylon Publication.

Indian Archaeology 1954–55, A Review, ed. A. Ghosh. Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.

Indian Archaeology 1955–56, A Review, ed. A. Ghosh. Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.

Indian Archaeology 1956–57, A Review, ed. A. Ghosh. Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.

Indian Archaeology 1957–58, A Review, ed. A. Ghosh. Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.

Indian Archaeology 1958–59, A Review, ed. A. Ghosh. Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.

Lamotte, Étienne 1958. Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien des Origines à l’Ère Śaka. Bibliothèque du Muséon 43. Lovain: Publications de L’Institut Orientaliste de Louvain. Engl.: History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Śaka Era, translated by Sara Webb-Boin. Lovain: Publications de L’Institut Orientaliste de Louvain, 1988.

Longhurst, Albert H. 1938. The Buddhist Antiquities of Nāgārjunikoṇḍa, Madras Presidency. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India 54. Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.

Malalasekera, Gunapala Piyasena 1937–1938. Dictionary of Pali Proper Names. 2 vols. London: J. Murray.

Nakanishi, Maiko and Oskar von Hinüber 2014. ‘Kanaganahalli Inscriptions’. Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology 17, Supplement.

Petersburger Wörterbuch = Böhtlingk, Otto and Rudolf Roth 1855–1875, Sanskrit-Wörterbuch. 7 vols. St. Petersburg: Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Poonacha, K. P. 2011. Excavations at Kanaganahalli (Sannati, Dist. Gulbarga, Karnataka). Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India 106. Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.

Ramachandran, T. N. 1953. Nāgārjunikoṇḍa 1938. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India 71. Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.

Sarkar, Haribishnu 1965–1966. ‘Nagarjunakoṇḍa Prakrit Inscription of Gautamiputra Vijaya Satakarni, Year 6’. Epigraphia Indica 36: 273–274.

Sarkar, Haribishnu 1966. Studies in Early Buddhist Architecture of India. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.

Sarkar, Haribishnu 1985. ‘The Nāgārjunakoṇḍa Phase of the Lower Kṛṣṇā Valley Art’. [In:] Asher, Frederick M., ed., Indian Epigraphy: Its Bearing on the History of Art. Oxford / New Delhi:South Asia Books, pp. 29–34.

Sarkar Haribishnu and Bhaskaranatha Misra 1966. Nagarjunakonda. Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.

Śatapathabrāhmaṇa = Weber, A., ed. 1924. The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa in the Mādhyandina-Śākhā with Extracts from the Commentaries of Sāyaṇa, Harisvāmin and Dvivedagaṅga. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz.

Schopen, Gregory 1988. On the Buddha and his Bones: The Conception of a Relic in the Inscriptions of Nāgārjunikoṇḍa. Journal of the American Oriental Society 108(4): 527–537. Also published in: Schopen, Gregory 1997. Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archaeology, Epigraphy, and Texts of Monastic Buddhism in India. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, Studies in the Buddhist Traditions, pp. 148–164. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780824851224-011

Shimada, Akira (forthcoming). ‘Formation of Early Nagarjunakonda Style: Sculptures from Sites 6 and 9’. [In:] Griffiths, Arlo, Akira Shimada and Vincent Tournier, eds, Early Āndhradeśa: Towards a Grounded History. Leiden: Brill.

Shimada, Akira and Michael Willis, eds. 2016. Amaravati: The Art of an Early Buddhist Monument in Context. London: The British Museum.

Sircar, Dineshchandra 1961. ‘Fragmentary Inscriptions from Nāgārjunakoṇḍa’. Epigraphia Indica 34: 208–212.

Sircar, Dineshchandra 1963–1964. ‘More Inscriptions from Nagarjunakonda’. Epigraphia Indica 35: 1–36.

Sircar, Dineshchandra and A. N. Lahiri 1960. ‘Footprint Slab Inscription from Nagarjunikoṇḍa’. Epigraphia Indica 33: 247–250.

Soundararajan, Kodayanallur V., ed. 2006. Nagarjunakonda (1954–60). Volume II: The Historical Period. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India 75. Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.

Stargardt, Janice 1990. The Ancient Pyu of Burma. Volume 1: Early Pyu Cities in a Man-Made Landscape. Cambridge: Publications on Ancient Civilization in South East Asia and Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

Stone, Elizabeth Rosen 1994. The Buddhist Art of Nāgārjunakoṇḍa. Buddhist Tradition Series 25. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

Tournier, Vincent 2020. ‘Buddhist Lineages along the Southern Routes: On Two nikāyas active at Kanaganahalli under the Sātavāhanas’. [In:] Tournier, Vincent, Vincent Eltschinger and Marta Sernesi, eds., Archaeologies of the Written: Indian, Tibetan, and Buddhist Studies in Honour of Cristina Scherrer-Schaub. Naples: Universita degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale”. Series Minor, LXXXIX, pp. 857–910.

Vogel, Jean Philippe 1929–1930. ‘Prakrit Inscriptions from the Buddhist Site at Nagarjunakonda’. Epigraphia Indica 20: 1–36.

Zin, Monika 2004. ‘The Mūkapaṅgu Story in the Madras Government Museum: The Problem of the Textual Affiliations of the Narrative Reliefs in Amaravati and Nagarjunikonda’. Annali dell’ Istituto Universitario Orientale 64: 157–180.

Zin, Monika 2016. ‘Buddhist Narratives and Amaravati’. [In:] Shimada, Akira and Michael Willis, eds. Amaravati: The Art of an Early Buddhist Monument in Context. London: The British Museum, pp. 46–58.

Zin, Monika 2018a. ‘Kanaganahalli in Sātavāhana Art and Buddhism: King Aśoka in Front of the bodhi Tree’. Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 41: 537–568.

Zin, Monika 2018b. The Kanaganahalli Stūpa: An Analysis of the 60 Massive Slabs Covering the Dome. New Delhi: Aryan Books International.