Autor: Ołena Łucyszyna | AAV 34 (2021) | Strony: 145-176 | https://doi.org/10.60018/AcAsVa.cxdu9543
Streszczenie
One of the well-known polemics of Indian thought, in which many darśanas participated, is concerned with the problem of the validity (prāmāṇya) and invalidity (aprāmāṇya) of cognition (jñāna). The problem has two main aspects: the origination and ascertainment of validity and invalidity. Mādhava’s Sarvadarśanasaṃgraha and other external sources attribute to Sāṃkhya (a tradition of thought recognising the authority of the Vedas) the view that both validity and invalidity are intrinsic, and many researchers hold that this view is Sāṃkhyan. In this article, I reconstruct the Sāṃkhya view on validity and invalidity of cognition on the basis of classical and postclassical Sāṃkhya texts, that is, all extant Sāṃkhya texts from Īśvarakṛṣṇa’s Sāṃkhyakārikā to Aniruddha’s Sāṃkhyasūtravṛtti. I come to the conclusion that the Sāṃkhya view is different from the view attributed to Sāṃkhya. According to Sāṃkhya texts, validity is intrinsic and invalidity is extrinsic in terms of both origination and ascertainment.
Bibliografia
Sāṃkhya Texts
The commentary that survived in the Chinese translation of Paramārtha: (1) Takakusu (1904); (2) Aiyaswami Sastri (1944).
JM = Jayamaṅgalā. (1) Sarma, Haradatta, ed. (1926). Jayamaṅgalā (Śrī Śaṅkarācāryaviracitā Jayamaṅgalā nāma Sāṁkhyasaptatiṭīkā). With an Introduction by Gopi Nath Kaviraj. Calcutta: Narendra Nath Law. (2) Śarman, Viṣṇuprasāda [MV] and Satkāriśarman Vaṅgīya [JM], eds (1970). Sāṃkhyakārikā of Śrīmad Īśvarakṛṣṇa with the Māṭharavṛtti of Māṭharācārya and the Jayamaṅgalā of Śrī Śaṅkara. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office.
Māṭharavṛtti by Māṭhara – see Jayamaṅgalā (2).
Sāṃkhyakārikābhāṣya (or Gauḍapādabhāṣya). Tripathi, Becanarama, ed. (1883). The Sāṅkhya Kārikā with an Exposition Called Candrikā by Nārāyaṇa Tīrtha, and Gauḍapādācārya’s Commentary. Benares: Messrs. Braj B. Das & Co.
Sāṃkhyapravacanabhāṣya by Vijñāna Bhikṣu. Garbe, Richard, ed. (1895). Sāṃkhya-Pravacana-Bhāṣya or Commentary on the Exposition of the Sāṅkhya Philosophy by Vijñānabhikṣu. Cambridge: Publication Agent of Harvard University.
Sāṃkhyasaptativṛtti. Solomon, Esther A., ed. (1973). Sāṃkhya-Saptati-Vṛtti (V1). Ahmedabad: Gujarat University.
Sāṃkhyavṛtti. Solomon, Esther A., ed. (1973). Sāṃkhya-Vṛtti (V2). Ahmedabad: Gujarat University.
SK = Sāṃkhyakārikā. Ruzsa, Ferenc, ed. (1998). Īśvarakṛṣṇa: Sāṃkhyakārikā. http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/3_phil/samkhya/isvskaru.htm (accessed 5 June 2021).
SS = Sāṃkhyasūtras. Garbe, Richard, ed. (1888). Aniruddha’s Commentary and the Original Parts of the Vedāntin Mahādeva’s Commentary to the Sāṃkhya Sūtras. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal.
SSV = Sāṃkhyasūtravṛtti – see SS = Sāṃkhyasūtras.
TK = Sāṃkhyatattvakaumudī. Tarkavachaspati, Taranatha, ed. (1871). Sankhyatatwa Koumudi by Bachaspati Misra. Calcutta: Sucharu Press.
YD = Yuktidīpikā – see Wezler and Motegi (1998).
Other Literature
Abhyankar, Vasudev Shastri, ed. (1924). Sarva-Darśana-Saṃgraha of Sāyaṇa-Mādhava. Edited with an Original Commentary in Sanskrit. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.
Aiyaswami Sastri, N., ed. (1944). Suvarṇasaptati Śāstra. Sāṅkhya-Kārikā-Saptati of Īśvara-Kṛṣṇa with a Commentary, Reconstructed into Sanskrit from the Chinese Translation of Paramārtha and Edited with English Notes, Introduction and Appendices. Tirupati: Tirümalai-Tirupati Devasthanams Press.
Arnold, Dan (2005). Buddhists, Brahmins, and Belief. Epistemology in South Asian Philosophy of Religion. New York: Columbia University Press.
Balcerowicz, Piotr (2005). ‘Pramāṇas and Language: A Dispute between Diṅnāga, Dharmakīrti and Akalaṅka’. Journal of Indian Philosophy 33(4): 343–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10781-004-6673-6
Balcerowicz, Piotr (2009). Jaina Epistemology in Historical and Comparative Perspective. Critical Edition and English Translation of Logical-Epistemological Treatises: Nyāyâvatāra, Nyāyâvatāra-vivṛti and Nyāyâvatāra-ṭippaṇa with Introduction and Notes. Vol. 1, 2. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Bhatt, Govardhan P. (1989). The Basic Ways of Knowing. An In-depth Study of Kumārila’s Contribution to Indian Epistemology. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Bilimoria, Puruṣottama (1985). ‘Jñāna and Pramā: The Logic of Knowing – A Critical Appraisal’. Journal of Indian Philosophy 13(1): 73–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00208528
Bilimoria, Puruṣottama (1988). Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge. A Doctrine in Mīmāṁsā-Nyāya Philosophy (with Reference to Advaita Vedānta-paribhāṣā ‘Āgama’). Towards a Framework for Śruti-prāmāṇya. Studies in Classical India 10. Dodrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2911-1
Chakrabarti, Kisor Kumar (1984). ‘Some Remarks on Indian Theories of Truth’. Journal of Indian Philosophy 12(4): 339–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00196088
Chatterjea, Tara [Chatterjee, Tara] (1991). ‘An Attempt to Understand Svataḥ Prāmāṇyavāda in Advaita Vedānta’. Journal of Indian Philosophy 19(3): 229–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00180490
Chatterjea, Tara (2003). Knowledge and Freedom in Indian Philosophy. Lanham: Lexington Books.
Chatterjee, Satischandra (1950). The Nyāya Theory of Knowledge. A Critical Study of Some Problems of Logic and Metaphysics, Calcutta: Calcutta University Press.
David, Hugo. ‘Kāśikā (MS Or. 2380)’. Cambridge Digital Library. https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-OR-02380/1 (accessed 26 July 2021).
Ganeri, Jonardon (2018). ‘Epistemology from a Sanskritic Point of View’. [In:] Stich, Stephen, Masaharu Mizumoto and Eric McCready, eds, Epistemology for the Rest of the World. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865085.003.0002
Grimes, John (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Jacobsen, Knut Axel (2018). Yoga in Modern Hinduism: Hariharānanda Āraṇya and Sāṁkhyayoga. Abingdon, New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315113340
Jakubczak, Marzenna (2020). ‘A Revived Sāṃkhyayoga Tradition in Modern India’. Studia Religiologica 53(2): 105–118. https://doi.org/10.4467/20844077SR.20.008.12511
Kāśikā on the Kumārila Bhaṭṭa’s Mīmāṃsāślokavārttika, composed by Sucarita Miśra – see Śāstrī (1990).
Kataoka, Kei (2002). ‘Validity of Cognition and Authority of Scripture’. Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies 50(2): 1026–1022 (11–15). https://doi.org/10.4259/ibk.50.1026
Kataoka, Kei (2011). Kumārila on Truth, Omniscience, and Killing. Part 1: A Critical Edition of Mīmāṃsā-Ślokavārttika ad 1.1.2 (Codanāsūtra). Part 2: An Annotated Translation of Mīmāṃsā-Ślokavārttika ad 1.1.2 (Codanāsūtra). Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1553/0x0028e84f
Kataoka, Kei (2016). ‘A Critical Edition of the Prāmāṇya Section of Bhaṭṭa Jayanta’s Nyāyamañjarī’. The Memoirs of the Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia 169: 562–503 (1–60).
Krasser, Helmut (2003). ‘On the Ascertainment of Validity in the Buddhist Epistemological Tradition’. Journal of Indian Philosophy 31(1–3): 161–184. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024627107206
Krishna, Daya (2006). ‘Chapter 5. Developments in Sāṁkhya and Yoga from Eighteenth Century Onwards: A Reconstruction from the Volume on Sāṁkhya Edited by G. Larson and Ramasankara Bhattacharya in the Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies of Karl H. Potter, Vol. IV’. [In:] Krishna, Daya, Developments in Indian Philosophy from Eighteenth Century Onwards: Classical and Western. New Delhi: Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Culture, Centre for Study in Civilizations, pp. 97–120.
Kumar, Shiv (1983). Sāṁkhya Thought in the Brahmanical Systems of Indian Philosophy. Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers.
Kumar, Shiv (1984). Sāṁkhya-Yoga Epistemology. Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers.
Larson, Gerald James (1987). ‘The History and Literature of Sāṃkhya’. [In:] Larson, Gerald James and Ram Shankar Bhattacharya, eds, Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Vol. IV: Sāṃkhya: A Dualist Tradition in Indian Philosophy. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 3–41. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400853533.3
Larson, Gerald James and Ram Shankar Bhattacharya, eds (1987). Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Vol. IV: Sāṃkhya: A Dualist Tradition in Indian Philosophy. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400853533
Łucyszyna, Ołena (2011). ‘Pojęcie prawdziwego poznania (pramā) w sāṁkhyi’ [‘On the Notion of True Cognition (pramā) in Sāṃkhya’]. [In:] Ruchel, Małgorzata, Ada Augustyniak, Barbara Cichy and Kinga Kłeczek-Semerjak, eds, Rozumienie wartości w kulturach Wschodu. Kraków: Wydawnictwo UJ, pp. 253–261. Estetyka i Krytyka 22(3).
Mānameyodaya – see Raja and Sastri (1933).
Matilal, Bimal Krishna (1990). Logic, Language and Reality. Indian Philosophy and Contemporary Issues. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
Matilal, Bimal Krishna (2002). ‘Knowledge, Truth and Pramātva’. [In:] Ganeri, Jonardon, ed., The Collected Essays of Bimal Krishna Matilal. Vol. 1: Mind, Language and World. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 149–161.
McCrea, Lawrence (2015–2018). ‘Justification, Credibility and Truth: Sucaritamiśra on Kumārila’s Intrinsic Validity’. Wiener Zeitschrift Für Die Kunde Südasiens / Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies 56/57: 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1553/wzks2015-2018s99
Mejor, Marek (2004). ‘Some Observations on the Date of the Yuktidīpikā (Apropos of the New Edition)’. [In:] Balcerowicz, Piotr and Marek Mejor, eds, Essays in Indian Philosophy, Religion and Literature. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 399–433.
Mohanty, Jitendranath (2001a). ‘Introduction to Gaṅgeśa’s Theory of Truth’. [In:] Perrett, Roy W., ed., Indian Philosophy: A Collection of Readings. Vol. 1: Epistemology. New York, London: Routledge, pp. 27–98.
Mohanty, Jitendranath (2001b). ‘Nyāya Theory of Doubt’. [In:] Perrett, Roy W., ed., Indian Philosophy: A Collection of Readings. Vol. 1: Epistemology. New York, London: Routledge, pp. 351–371.
Nyāyamañjarī of Jayanta Bhaṭṭa – see (1) Varadacharya (1969); (2) Kataoka (2016).
Perrett, Roy W. (1998). ‘Truth, Relativism and Western Conceptions of Indian Philosophy’. Asian Philosophy 8(1): 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/09552369808575469
Potter, Karl H. (1977). ‘Introduction to the Philosophy of Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika’. [In:] Potter, Karl H., ed., Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Vol. II: Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology: The Tradition of Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika up to Gaṅgeśa. Princeton (New Jersey): Princeton University Press, pp. 1–208.
Potter, Karl H., ed. (2014). Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Vol. XVI: Philosophy of Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.
Raja, C. Kunhan and S. S. Suryanarayana Sastri, eds and trans (1933). Mānameyodaya: An Elementary Treatise on the Mīmāṃsā by Nārāyaṇa. Adyar, Madras: Theosophical Publishing House.
Ratié, Isabelle (2014). ‘A Śaiva Interpretation of the Satkāryavāda: The Sāṁkhya Notion of Abhivyakti and Its Transformation in the Pratyabhijñā Treatise’. Journal of Indian Philosophy 42(1): 127–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10781-013-9214-3
Ruzsa, Ferenc (2013). ‘Key Issues in Indian Philosophy’. Doctor of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences thesis, ELTE. http://real-d.mtak.hu/898/ (accessed 28 October 2021).
Sarvadarśanasaṃgraha of Mādhava – see Abhyankar (1924).
Sen Gupta, Anima (1969). Classical Sāṃkhya: A Critical Study. Patna: Patna University.
Shokhin, Vladimir Kirillovich. Шохин, Владимир Кириллович (1995). ‘Kommentariy’. Комментарий [The commentary]. [In:] Shokhin, Vladimir Kirillovich. Шохин, Владимир Кириллович, trans., Lunnyy svet sankkh’i. Ishvarakrishna. Sankkh’ya-karika. Gaudapada. Sankkh’ya-karika-bkhash’ya. Vachaspati Mishra. Tattva-kaumudi. Лунный свет санкхьи. Ишваракришна. Санкхья-карика. Гаудапада. Санкхья-карика-бхашья. Вачаспати Мишра. Таттва-каумуди [The moonshine of Sāṃkhya. Īśvarakṛṣṇa. Sāṃkhya-kārikā. Gauḍapāda. Sāṃkhya-kārikā-bhāṣya. Vācaspati Miśra. Tattva-kaumudī]. Moskva: Ladomir, pp. 244–306.
Shokhin, Vladimir Kirillovich. Шохин, Владимир Кириллович (1997a). ‘Istoriko-filosofskoye issledovaniye’. Историко-философское исследование [Historico-philosophical study]. [In:] Shokhin, Vladimir Kirillovich. Шохин, Владимир Кириллович, trans., Sutry filosofii sankkh’i. Tattva-samasa. Krama-dipika. Sankkh’ya-sutry. Sankkh’ya-sutra-vritti. Сутры философии санкхьи. Таттва-самаса. Крама-дипика. Санкхья-сутры. Санкхья-сутра-вритти [Sūtras of Sāṃkhya philosophy. Tattva-samāsa. Krama-dīpikā. Sāṃkhya-sūtras. Sāṃkhya-sūtra-vṛtti]. Moskva: Ladomir, pp. 13–127.
Shokhin, Vladimir Kirillovich. Шохин, Владимир Кириллович (1997b). ‘Kommentariy k tekstam’. Комментарий к текстам [Commentary to the texts]. [In:] Shokhin, Vladimir Kirillovich. Шохин, Владимир Кириллович, trans., Sutry filosofii sankkh’i. Tattva-samasa. Krama-dipika. Sankkh’ya-sutry. Sankkh’ya-sutra-vritti. Сутры философии санкхьи. Таттва-самаса. Крама-дипика. Санкхья-сутры. Санкхья-сутра-вритти [Sūtras of Sāṃkhya philosophy. Tattva-samāsa. Krama-dīpikā. Sāṃkhya-sūtras. Sāṃkhya-sūtra-vṛtti]. Moskva: Ladomir, pp. 288–344.
Singh, Badri Nath (1988). Dictionary of Indian Philosophical Concepts. Varanasi: Asha Prakashan.
Solomon, Esther A. (1974). The Commentaries of the Sāṁkhya Kārikā – A Study. Ahmedabad: Gujarat University.
Sreenivasulu, M. (1991). The Test of Truth and Error in Indian Philosophy. Tirupati: Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams.
Śāstrī, Dvārikādāsa, ed. (1978). Ślokavārttika of Śrī Kumārila Bhaṭṭa with the Commentary Nyāyaratnākara of Śrī Pārthasārathi Miśra. Varanasi: Tara Publications.
Śāstrī, K. Sāmbaśiva, ed. (1990). Mīmāṃsā Ślokavārttika with the Commentary Kāśikā of Sucaritamiśra. Parts 1, 2. Trivandrum: CBH Publications.
Ślokavārttikā by Kumārila Bhaṭṭa – see Śāstrī (1978), Śāstrī (1990) and Kataoka (2011).
Taber, John (1992). ‘What Did Kumārila Bhaṭṭa Mean by Svataḥ Prāmāṇya?’. Journal of the American Oriental Society 112(2): 204–221. https://doi.org/10.2307/603701
Takakusu, M. Junjiro, ed. and trans. (1904). ‘La Sāṃkhyakārikā étudiée à la lumière de sa version chinoise (II). Traité sur les «Septante d’or» (Suvarṇasaptati) ou Traité sur la philosophie Sāṃkhya (Sāṃkhyaśāstra) traduit par Paramārtha’. Bulletin de l’Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient 4: 978–1064. https://doi.org/10.3406/befeo.1904.1406
Torella, Raffaele (2011). The Philosophical Traditions of India: An Appraisal. Varanasi: Indica Books.
Uno, Atsushi (1980). ‘Some Remarks on the Prāmāṇya-vāda of Jainism’. [In:] Shastri, Vaggesh, Balchandra Jain, Nandlal Jain, Vidyadhar Johrapurkar, Manikchand Chavre, Satish Kumar Jain and Babulal Jain Phagulla, eds, Siddhantacharya Pandit Kailashchandra Shastri Felicitation Volume. Rewa, Madhya Pradesh: Siddhantacharya Pandit Kailashchandra Shastri Felicitations Committee, pp. 542–548.
Varadacharya, Vidvan K. S. (1969). Nyāyamañjarī of Jayantabhaṭṭa with Ṭippaṇī – Nyāyasaurabha by the Editor. Vol. I. Mysore: Oriental Research Institute.
Weerasinghe, S. G. M. (1993). The Sāṅkhya Philosophy. A Critical Evaluation of Its Origins and Development. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications.
Wezler, Albrecht and Shujun Motegi, eds (1998). Yuktidīpikā. The Most Significant Commentary on the Sāṃkhyakārikā. Vol. I. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Yamasaki, Tsugihiko (1963). ‘The Conception of “Svataḥ Prāmāṇya” in the Mīmāṃsā-ślokavārttika’. Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies 11(1): 347–342 (32–37). https://doi.org/10.4259/ibk.11.347