Calendrical Terminology in the Early Vedic Astronomical Treatises of the Jyotiṣavedāṅga

Autor: Marta Monkiewicz | AAV 34 (2021) | Strony: 243-261 | https://doi.org/10.60018/AcAsVa.nssz2549

Streszczenie

Knowledge of Vedic time reckoning was preserved in the Ṛk- and Yajurveda recensions of the Jyotiṣavedāṅga. Most of the verses of the two treatises convey the same meaning and provide a lecture on the measurement of time and its division. Some basic mathematical operations are also applied in order to calculate specific data important for the performance of Vedic ritual. This paper discusses some of the stanzas and examines the terminology applied for the sake of time reckoning.

Bibliografia

Ashfaque, Syed Mohammad (1977). ‘Astronomy in the Indus Valley Civilization: a Survey of the Problems and Possibilities of the Ancient Indian Astronomy and Cosmology in the Light of Indus Script Decipherment by the Finnish Scholars’. Centaurus: An International Journal of the History of Science and its Cultural Aspects 21(2): 149–193. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0498.1977.tb00351.x

Basham, Arthur Llewellyn (1954). The Wonder that Was India. New York: Grove Press, Inc.

Benfey, Theodor (1866). A Sanskrit-English dictionary: with references to the best editions of Sanskrit authors and etymologies and comparisons of cognate words chiefly in Greek, Latin, Gothic, and Anglo-Saxon. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.

Britannica (2011). Entry ‘month’. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/month (accessed 21 June 2021).

Cappeller, Carl (1891). A Sanskrit-English dictionary: based upon the St. Petersburg lexicons. Strassburg: Trübner. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111556871

Dixit, Sankar Balakrishna (1969). English Translation of Bharatiya Jyotih Shastra, Part I. Delhi: The Manager of Publications.

Dvivedin, Sudhakara (1908). Yājuṣajyautiṣa, with the Bhāṣyas of Somākara Śeṣa and Sudhakara Dvivedin and Ārcajyautiṣa with the Bhāṣya of Sudhakara Dvivedin and Prof. Muralidhar Jha’s explanatory notes. Reprint of the edition in The Pandit, New Series, XXIX (1907). Benares: Medical Hall Press.

Freed, Ruth S. and Stanley A. Freed (1964). ‘Calendars, Ceremonies, and Festivals in a North Indian Village: Necessary Calendric Information for Fieldwork’. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 20(1): 67–90. https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.20.1.3629413

Gatrad, Abdul Rashid, M. Ray and Aziz Sheikh (2005). ‘Hindu birth customs’. Archives of disease in childhood 89: 1094–1097. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1719756/pdf/v089p01094.pdf (accessed 17 July 2021). https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2004.050591

Kak, Subhash C. (1997). ‘Science in Ancient India’. [In:] Sridhar, S. R. and N. K. Mattoo, eds, Ananya: A portrait of India. New York: AIA, pp. 399–420.

Kak, Subhash C. (1998). ‘Sāyaṇa’s Astronomy’. Indian Journal of History of Science 33: 31–36.

Macdonell, Arthur Antony (1893). A Sanskrit-English dictionary: being a practical handbook with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout. London: Longmans, Green.

Malinowski, Bronisław (1927). ‘Lunar and Seasonal Calendar in the Trobriands’. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 57: 203–215. https://doi.org/10.2307/2843682

Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). A Sanskrit-English dictionary: Etymologically and philologically arranged with special reference to Cognate indo-european languages. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.

Monkiewicz, Marta (2021). ‘Rites Based on Astronomical Observations as Given in the Dharmasūtras’. [In:] Miążek, Teresa, Marta Monkiewicz, Mariola Pigoń and Przemysław Szczurek, eds, Indian Panorama in Wrocław. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo DiG, pp. 137–155.

Müller, [Friedrich] Max (1862). On Ancient Hindu Astronomy and Chronology. Oxford.

Narahari Achar, B. N. (1997). ‘A Note on The Five-Year Yuga of the Vedāṅga Jyotiṣa’. Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 3(4): 21–28.

Narahari Achar, B. N. (2000). ‘A Case for Revising the Date of the Vedāṅga Jyotiṣa’. Indian Journal of History of Science 35(3): 173–183.

OLDAE = Oxford Learner's Dictionary of Academic English (2014). Entry ‘terminology’. Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/academic/terminology?q=terminology (accessed 27 June 2021).

Pingree, David (1981). ‘Jyotihśastra. Astral and Mathematical Literature’. [In:] Gonda, Jan, ed., History of Indian Literature. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Ridpath, Ian (1997). A Dictionary of Astronomy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

ṚJV = Ṛgvedajyotiṣavedāṅga, see Sarma (1985).

Sarma, Krishna Venkateswara, ed. (1985). Vedāṅga Jyotiṣa of Lagadha in its R̥k and Yajus recensions: with the translation and notes of Prof. T.S. Kuppanna Sastry. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy.

Sen, Samarendra Nath (1971). ‘Astronomy’. [In:] Bose, Debendra Mohan, Samarendra Nath Sen and Bidare Venkatasubbaiah Subbarayappa, eds, A Concise History of Science in India. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy.

Sharma, Devi Dutt (2005). Panorama of Indian Anthroponomy (An Historical, Socio-cultural & Linguistic Analysis of Indian Personal Names). New Delhi: Mittal Publications.

Subbarayappa, Bidare Venkatasubbaiah and Krishna Venkateswara Sarma, eds (1985). Indian Astronomy. A Source Book. Bombay: Nehru Centre.

Subrahmanya Sastri and Ramakrishna Bhat (1946). Varahamihira's Brihat samhita = Bṛhatsaṃhitā, with an English Translation and Notes. Bangalore: V.B. Soobbiah.

Thibaut, George Frederik William (1877). ‘Contributions to the explanation of the Jyotisa-Vedanga’. The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 46(1): 411–437.

Weber, Albrecht (1852). Akademische Vorlesungen über indische Literaturgeschichte. Berlin: Dümmler's Verlagsbuchhandlung.

Weber, Albrecht (1862). Über den Vedakalender, Namens Jyotisham. Berlin: Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin.

Wilson, Horace Hayman (1832). A dictionary in Sanscrit and English: Translated, amended, and enlarged from an original compilation. 2nd edtion. Calcutta: The Education Press.

YJV = Yajurvedajyotiṣavedāṅga, see Sarma (1985).